Cables -

All Types -Eland Cables offers a huge range of electrical cables approved to British and International standards, as well as accessories from stock. Product portfolio caters for a wide range of industries from Building and Construction to Telecoms, Automation, Power Transmission, Defence and many more. www.elandcables.com

Cable – Instrumentation Cables -

www.shawflex.com

Cable Laying Equipment -

Cable rollers, Drum brakes, Drum trailers, Duct equipment, Winches, Laying accessories – www.sebinternational.com

Cable marking Systems -

Wire & Cable marking solutions - www.sunlec.com.au

Cable Solutions -

Crimping, Marking, Heat Shrink , Jointing , Identification&Sleeving Solutions - www.cablecraft.co.uk

Cable Glands -

CMP Products offers cable glands, adaptors, reducers and stopper plugs in materials including brass, nickel plated brass, stainless steel, aluminium and non-metallic materials. www.cmp-products.com

Cable Glands -

Regulations, Codes, Guidelines, Standards, Area Classifications , Selection Tables , Thread conversion solutions & accessories, Installation - www.ehawke.com

Cable Glands -

Terminations , Glands and Accessories Cable Fixing ,Heatshrink& Insulation Sleeving, Cable Jointing Cable Handling ,Micc Products ,Tooling ,Tapes and Sealants ,Industrial Aerosol Products&Sundries - www.s-w-a.co.uk

Cable Gland Selection Chart -

Cable Glands :-
Brass Gland - Selection Chart :- 600 / 1000v stranded copper conductors pvc insulated with steel wire armour and PVC sheathed overall. Cable to BS 6346 : 1997


600/ 1000v stranded copper conductors XLPE / SWA / PVC cable and PVC sheathed overall. Cable to BS 5467 : 1989

Cable Gland Material Selection Chart wrt Type of Cables-

Cable Gland – General Information

1. How to Order –
   When ordering cable glands, the following details are required to be furnished –
   • Whether for Indoor or outdoor use
   • Type of cable
   • Cable specifications (Cross section in sq mm, OD of cable, Entry thread spec etc.)
   • Gland size if available
   • Application areas
2. Materials
   Glands are manufactured as standard in BRASS. Alternative material includes ALUMINIUM, MILD STEEL,S.S&Nylon.
3. Finishes
   Brass glands are generally supplied with NICKEL finish and come with variety of finishes, e.g. TIN or CADNIUM.
4. Entry threads
   Glands come with B.S.C. threads (ET). Other entry thread forms available are - NPT, PG, PF, BSP METRIC etc.
5. Accessories
   Accessories e.g. PVC shroud, E arth tags, Male adapter, Reducer , Male &/or Female bush, Stop plug, Lock nuts etc.

Depth Of Laying & Spacing Between Cables:

1. 33 kV cable : 1.05 meter.
2. 11 kV cable : 0.9 meter.
3. 415 volt cable : 0.75 meter.
4. 11kV, 415 V Cables at Road crossing :1.0 meter.
5. 11kV, 415 V Cables at Railway crossing (Measured from bottom of sleeper to top of pipe.:1.0 meter.

Cable Laying -

While layingarmoured cables special care to be taken at bends. Following are the recommended radius for power & control cables.

Cable handling equipment –

like Hydraulic drum jacks; Jack towers; Jackplinth; Solid spindle bars; Different types of rollers; Cable Pulling Winch; Swivel link to prevent twisting or kinking of cable; Duct pulling accessories , Cable stockings; Cable lubricant; Hydraulic or mechanical crimping & cutting tools, Measuring wheels etc. to be used as required during cable laying.

Cable tray – Fill & load Calculations –

Cable Tray –

Ladder& Mesh type Cable Trays, Connectors, Accessories, underfloor, www.chalfantcabletray.com

Cable Tray –

FRP cable trays - Established in the year 1968, Indiana is a leading global manufacturer and exporter of fabricated structural steel (I-Beam, H-Beam, T-Beam, Plus Beam & Box Beam), floor gratings, safety handrails, cable trays (perforated, ladder & wire mesh type), cable support system, cable management system, welded wire mesh, conveyors and bulk material handling equipments. - www.indianagroup.com

Cable Tray –

Vantrunk is an internationally renowned manufacturer of extreme cable management products and associated support systems. The trusted and innovative solutions have been serving the Global Energy, Oil and Gas and Industrial Processing sector for 50 years. www.vantrunk.co.uk

Cable tray – Fill & load Calculations –

Cable Tray Installation -

Cable tray routing would first be done, after which HDGI trays of various sizes { 300 mm wide = 1500 M , 150 mm wide = 1950 & 100 mm wide = 1350 M }as required would be installed along the route c/w accessories as necessary on pre-installed supporting structures.

The main selection criteria which must have been covered in designing and installing a proper cable tray system would generally cover the following.

1. Width and height of the cable tray
2. Type of tray bottom
3. Fittings
4. CSA load class
5. Span
6. Deflection
7. Materials
8. Bonding
9. Support Structure

CSA Load Class:

Currently there are four (4) load classes listed by CSA. These categories address both maximum support spacing and load ratings. SEE FIGURE D.1. The latter expressed as kilograms per meter must include: total cable weight, accessories, and covers as well as any outdoor factors the tray will be subject to (eg. wind and snow loads). Outdoor factors may Substantially reduce the actual cable load capacity of the tray.

Conversion Tables –

Conversions of Units -

Agricultural units of measurements used in India www.krishisewa.com

In most parts of India the units used for agriculture land/ field measurements by farmers are PuccaBigha, KucchaBigha, Bissa, Hath, Gattha, Jareeb, etc. Table provides Conversion of these conventional units into inch, feet, yard, meters, acre and hectare.

Conversions –

Constants, Conversions & Characters

Conversions of Units

Agricultural units of measurements used in India
www.krishisewa.com
In most parts of India the units used for agriculture land/ field measurements by farmers are PuccaBigha, KucchaBigha, Bissa, Hath, Gattha, Jareeb, etc. Table provides Conversion of these conventional units into inch, feet, yard, meters, acre and hectare.

Basic Math / Geometry Review –

Electrical Quantities /Symbols/Unit Names –

Drawings –

For Dimensioning / Drawing sheet sizes /Lettering /Standard symbols & abbreviations to BS 8888& much more www.roymech.co.uk
Paper Sizes
The standard for drawing sheet sizes is the A series. The basic size in this series is the A0 size (1189mm x 841mm) which has an area of about 1-m3. The sides of every size in the series are in the ratio Sqrt(2) = 1.414 : 1 and each size is half the area of the next larger size.

Cable Earthing (Power Cable) –

Each outgoing power circuit should have separate E/W (earth wire)running along the entire length of the power cable from the Distribution board/Feeder Pillar earth bar to the earthing point of each pole JB's. The ECC or E/W to be taped to the cable at regular intervals.

Earthing - In Genaral

1. Cable Earthing -
   Each outgoing power circuit should preferably have separate E/W (or ECC) running along the entire length of the power cable from the power distribution boasrd (PDB) earth bar to the earthing point of the equipment.
2. Cable ArmourEarthing -
   In addition to the above, cable armour to be earthed separately at the start &/or at the end termination points. Armouring not to be used as the sole earthing conductor.
3. Equipment Earthing –
   • Lighting - Each lighting pole to be locally earthed & looped to other light poles in the same circuit. Earthing material used would be Cu or GI .
   • Each High Mast if any to have a separate earth station. Material used would be Cu or GI .
   • Main Power Distribution Board to have separate main earthing station.. Earthing material used would be Cu.
   • Sub-Main distribution Boards – Earthing conductor to be run from the main power DB earth bar to the sub-main DB earth bar. Earthing conductor to be Cu.
   • Motor Earthing
   • Lightning Arrestors – Lighning arrestors for high masts to be electrically isolated & , independent of the high mast earthing& earthed by insulated conductors in GI or Cu & connected to a separate earth station.
4. Earthing conductors -
   to be bare or PVC covered, as a flat strip or in wire conductor form & used as required by situation or as specified by client..
5. Typical Earth Resistance Values
   Major power station 0.5 ohm.
   Major Sub-stations 1.0 ohm
   Minor Sub-station 2 ohm
   Neutral Bushing. 2 ohm
   Service connection 4ohm
   L.T.Lightning Arrestor 4 ohm
   L.T.Pole 5 ohm
   H.T.Pole 10 ohm
   Tower 20-30 ohm

Earthing – How To Lower Earth Resistance

1. Lengthen the earth electrode in the earth
2. Use multiple rods
3. Treat the soil
4. Oxidation on joints should be removed and joints be tightened.
5. Sufficient water should be poured in earth electrode.
6. Electrodes should be connected in parallel.
7. Earth pit of more depth & width- breadth be made.

Earthing – Typical earth station BOQ –

Earth Stations ( E / S), each E/S c/w the following -

1. 600 x 600 x 3.15 mm thk Cu plate 1 no
2. 1 no min 5.0 M lg x 65 mm dia NB GI pipe including accessories
3. 50 mm W x 6 mm thk x 2 M lg Cu tape
4. Cu hardware for fixing tape to plate
5. 1 no Test link & 1 no clamps for tape
6. Inspection pit c/w 1 no each funnel, mesh, cover
7. 1 no Cu clamp for connecting tape to ECC
8. Name plate for earth station

ITC Procedures – For Earthing System

The Earthing system in any Electrical installation normally have the following components:- Earthing material could be Electrolytic Cu, &/or coated &/or plated with Cu ; GI is also used etc.

1. Earth Wells & Accessories - Rod &/or Pipe (Of different diameters & lengths), Plate, Clamp, coupling rod tip, Rod driving head’ carbon & Salt bedding’ Concrete earth pit, Concrete slab cover.
2. Earthing Grid Conductors – Earth wells are generally interconnected to plant earthing systems. Grid conductors could be bare &/or pvc sheathed strip conductors, s/c bare stranded Cu cable, s/c cable w/pvc sheath etc
3. Marshalling Earth Buses – To provide easy access to the Earthing Grid, several common connection points are established & erected throughout the grid as Earth Marshalling Points or Earth Bus. The main I/C earthingcableconnected to the earth bus is branched off from the main earthing grid/ The O/G earthing cables connected to the earth bus on one end is connected to the corresponding equipment at the other end. Connections of the I/C & O/G earth cables are made & secured by means of lugs c/w bolts, nuts, flat washers as required.
4. Earthing Wires & Cables – Connections between the earth buses &equipmentis generally made by using bare or pvc covered single core (s/c) cables of different cross sections as required & secured by means of lugs c/w bolts, nuts, flat washers as required.
5. Lightning Arresters & Accessories – To protect the buildings & or equipment from a lightning hit or strike Franklin rods & / or early streamer emission systems are used.

1. Earth Electrode Resistance Test -
   - Ideally a ground should be of zero ohms resistance. There is not one standard ground resistance threshold that is recognized by all agencies. However, IEEE have recommended a ground resistance value of 5.0 ohms or less. - Test instrument would be a Megger ground resistance tester or equivalent equipment.
2. Earth Continuity Test –
   One of the following two tests should be carried out: -
   • A continuity measurement with a test current upto a maximum of the order of 25 A (The hard test). A continuity measurement should be made with a test current not less than 1.5 times the rating of the fuse and no greater than 25 A for a period of between 5 and 20 seconds.
   • A continuity measurement with a short-
     circuit test current in the range 20 to 200 mA. (The soft test) Which test to perform? Test (i) is the preferred test. It must be remembered that some electrical test equipment can apply tests which are inappropriate and may even damage equipment containing electronic circuits, possibly causing degradation to safety. If there is a possibility that damage may result due to the test current which can be up to a maximum of 25 A when Test (i) is used then Test (ii) should be performed.
   • Soil Resistivity Test -
     Why determine the soil resistivity? Soil Resistivity is most necessary when determining the design of the grounding system for new installations (green field applications) to meet your ground resistance requirements.Ideally, you would find a location with the lowest possible resistance. But as we discussed before, poor soil conditions can be overcome with more elaborate grounding systems.The soil composition, moisture content, and temperature all impact the soil resistivity. Soil is rarely homogenous and the resistivity of the soil will vary geographically and at different soil depths. Moisture content changes seasonally, varies according to the nature of the sub layers of earth, and the depth of the permanent water table. Since soil and water are generally more stable at deeper strata, it is recommended that the ground rods be placed as deep as possible into the earth, at the water table if possible. Also, ground rods should be installed where there is a stable temperature, i.e. below the frost line .For a grounding system to be effective, it should be designed to withstand the worst possible conditions.

Fuses -

Offers a wide range of HRC fuse-links and fuse-holders for a large variety of applications. The products meet the requirements of International, Indian, British and other national Standards. - www.lawsonfuses-india.com or www.lawson-fuses.co.uk

Choosing a Fuse Link -

Cable Ratings and Protection
There is an increasing move away from 70ºC pvc insulation to materials, which are more environmentally friendly for example 90ºC XLPE. The ratings of fusegear, switches, accessories etc. aregenerally based upon the equipment being connected to conductors intended to be operated at a temperature not exceeding 70ºC in normal service. In view of the above it is recommended that the practice of designs based upon conductor temperatures of 70ºC be regarded as the norm. In accordance with the Wiring Regulations, the equipment manufacturer should be consulted to ascertain the reduction of nominal current rating of the equipment if conductor temperatures exceeding 70ºC are used.

Genset – Typical genset Specifications

The details appended below is just a general checklist as to what requirements to look out for whenpurchasing &/or installing a generator & not to beconsidered as complete or exact technical specifications for any given situation or requirement.

1. Output rating to be specified would be for example
   380 / 415 V / 3 Ph / 50 or 60 Hz / 100 Kw
   Main I/C say 3P 200 A amps MCCB to say BS 5000 / IEC 34-1 / or NEMA MG 1-22
2. KVA and /or KW Range required - say 6 To 6000 KW
3. Duty rating - Standby / Prime rated / Intermittent/ Heavy duty and/or Continous duty
4. RPM available -
   Generally 1500 rpm / 1800 rpm at 50Hz & 3000 rpm / 3600 rpm at 60 Hz
5. Starting system -
   Pb acid Battery 12 V to 24 V,high capacity maintenance free, c/w battery charger,exciter type starter motor, I/C cables & terminations
6. Fuel & related
   - Fuels used Gasoline / Diesel / Natural gas / CNG
   - Related equipment c/w 8 hr day tank, fuel linepiping, fuel guage, bulk fuel tank,fuel cap & breather, fuel pump, drain plug etc.
7. Radiator system -
   c/w cooling fans, protectionguards, designed to cool engine at specified output inair @ say 125 deg F.
   Cooling systems available - Air cooled ( range maxup to say 200 MVA), Hydrogen cooled ( range max say 500 MVA ) & liquid cooled (range maxsay 1600 MVA)
8. Filtration system c/w air &fuel filters, cartridge type filters & replaceable
9. Alternator specifications - self exciting, selfregulating brushless generator, Insulation class , c/woutput rating & other tech specifications.
10. AVR - Auto or manual automatic voltage regulator(AVR) , within + Or - 1 % from NL (no load ) to FL(full load) @ 0.8 pf lagging to Unity pf with speedvariation of say 5 %
11. DG set mounting arrangements c/w anti vibrationmountings, couplings, skid base, safety guards & more...
12. Control Panel - Possibilities - c/w mains failurerelay, Instrumentation : Voltmeter / Ammeter/ Hourmeter/ Pf meter / Tachometer / Oil Prguage / Tempguage for coolant / Controls : Run /Off/Auto / Stop / V & A Phase selectorswitches / Engine preheat / Protection controls : shutdown devices for highcoolant temp / Overspeed /Remote controls : common fault alarm signal & emergency stop /
13. ATS or MTS : Switch ranges say 30 A to 300 A in2P, 3P or 4 P versions
14. Paralleling equipment to connect 2 or more gensetsin parallel (for Ph, F & V to be in the same sequence).
15. Other things to note are -
    - Documentation supplied
    - Installation / Trouble shooting / Maintenance /Warranty / ; Factory tests conducted ; Equipmentfinish ;Quality standards applicable ; Otherparameters to be considered - Noise level @ say 68 db(A) at 3 M ; Spare parts list ; After sales serviceetc.
16. General Info - Gensets with voltage rangeavailable are 3 Ph 415 V To 15 KV. Also portablegensets from range say 6 Kw to 100 Kw & are availablefor applications such as Marine, RV, Commercial, Construction & Home use.
17. Shipping specs - Gr Wt& Net Wt / Main dimensions/ Lifting lugs to be Integral with equipment /Shipping schedule - delivery from date of order +transit time required / Packaging list / shippinginsurance etc.

Index Of Protection Ratings (IP ratings)

IP numbers are often quoted on enclosures, connectors etc to indicate protection from solids, liquids and impact. The table below gives a description of these ratings. Note that the third number, protection against impacts, is often omitted.

Overhead Lines
Equipment to be used in erection & Stringing of the O/H line

1. This pole bogie is fitted with low-pressure tyres, reduces land damage to a minimum. Ideally suited for transporting poles across rough terrain or soft ground
   
2. Pole erecting pikes
   Wooden poles can be safely erected with two men deploying these lightweight pole pikes. Manufactured in aluminium tube with double pole spikes, push up handle and ground spike. Usually supplied in pairs of 3 or 4 varying lengths per set. Lengths to suit customer’s requirements
   
3. Crossarm Lifter
   This lightweight AluminiumCrossarm Lifter is ideal for raising even the largest crossarms to ESI 4340 to the top of any pole.
   The lifter, which has a safe weight lift of 100kg, rests on the pole top and is strapped in position with a liberally rated ratcheting strap binder.
   The Sheave is securely caged to prevent the lifting rope escaping while in action.
4. ASCR cable Trimmer
   • Fast, accurate cable splice preparation.
   • The bushing holder, cutter and handy carrying case are sold as one unit.
   • Case contains storage sockets for 11 bushings.
   Weight = 2.8 kg
   
5. Tensioning Shoe
   Special purpose device to meet Electricity Board Standards.Fits at end of insulator set when sagging and making off dead ends on wood pole lines.2000kg SWL.
   Weight = 2 kg
   
6. Stay Wire Dispenser
   An essential aid for handling staywire coils, robustly constructed in steel tube having a plated finish. Removable side arm for ease of loading, automatically feeds wire as drawn off by operator
   
7. Cable Measuring Device
   Designed to work in conjuction with the Roll on Drum Stand (D-496), the cable-measuring device offers a practical solution to accurate cable measuring. Mounted on wheels for ease of transporting the device can accommodate cables from 20mm to 50mm diameter.
8. Pole Identification - Identi-Strip Marking System .Identi-Strip requires no special tools.It is highly visible with black characters on a yellow background.The characters slot into the black strip to create unique labels.Identi-Strip is particularly suited for labelling wooden poles, which are predominantly used in Electricity Industry. The system is made entirely of plastic, which is specially treated to prevent UV deteriorations.

Test Equipment – Electrical

Testing &Commissioning of the entire LT Electrical Installation-

1. Motor Testing
   Attach one side of the Megger Meter to one of the motor wires and the other to the motor ground or metal case. Turn on the meter or crank the handle. The meter’s manufacturer should have reference readings for each meter. Generally a reading above 20 to 30 Meg Ohms should be sufficient to run most motors. All new motors should read greater than 999 Meg Ohms, any reading less than this will indicate winding deterioration to the insulation.
   Test each motor winding in turn and record each set of windings, per the Meg Ohm reading. If one of the legs has a very low reading the motor should be replaced. This will also result in a high amperage draw or constant blown fuses.
2. Cable tests – Insulation Resistance Test
   
   Cables &Armouring to be tested at site as follows :-
   Cable Insulation resistance between Phase conductors, Phase to Neutral conductors, Phase conductor to Earth & Neutral conductor to Earth (i) Before laying & (ii) After laying, but before backfilling.
   • Insulation resistance to read a minimum = 1 Megohmeverytime.
   • The insulation resistance tester must be capable of maintaining the required voltage when providing a steady state of current of 1mA.
   • Test Instrument Megger , 500 V.
3. Cable Test – Continuity Test
   Cable continuity Test- Continuity of cable conductors to be established with a multimeter. Test reading = 0 resistance
4. Earth Electrode Resistance Test -
   • Ideally a ground should be of zero ohms resistance. There is not one standard ground resistance threshold that is recognized by all agencies. However, IEEE have recommended a ground resistance value of 5.0 ohms or less.
   • Test instrument would be a Megger ground resistance tester or equivalent equipment.
5. LT Switchgear Tests-
   
   • Insulation resistance tests to be carried out between Phases, Phase to Neutral, Phase to Earth & Neutral to Earth.
   • Insulation resistance to read a minimum = 1 Megohmeverytime.
   • Test Instrument Megger,1000 V.
   • Choice of voltage is normally determined by the operating voltage of the circuit under test; Usually twice the operating voltage is sufficient.
6. Transformer Tests –
   Using Megger check circuits between Primary & Secondary sides ; Primary Circuit only & Secondary circuit only . Circuit Checks would be generally between Phase To Phase; Phase To Neutral; Phase To earth & between N To E
7. Test Report -
   Test results of all testing carried out at site to be recorded on a standard format.

Transformers

1. First symbol/symbols, capital letters:- HV winding connection.
2. Second symbol/symbols, small letters: - LV winding connection.
3. Third symbol, number: - Phase displacement expressed as the clock hour number.

1. Group I
   Example: Dd0 (no phase displacement between HV and LV)
   The conventional method is to connect the red phase on A/a, Yellow phase on B/b, and the Blue phase on C/c. Other phase displacements are possible with unconventional connections (for instance red on b, yellow on c and blue on a) By doing some unconventional connections externally on one side of the trsf, an internal connected Dd0 transformer can be changed either to aDd4(-120°) or Dd8(+120°) connection. The same is true for internal connected Dd4 or Dd8 transformers.
2. Group II
   Example: Dd6 (180° displacement between HV and LV)
   By doing some unconventional connections externally on one side of the trsf, an internal connected Dd6 transformer can be changed either to a Dd2(-60°) or Dd10(+60°) connection.
3. Group III
   Example: Dyn1 (-30° displacement between HV and LV)
   By doing some unconventional connections externally on one side of the trsf, an internal connected Dyn1 transformer can be changed either to a Dyn5(-150°) or Dyn9(+90°) connection.
4. Group IV
   Example: Dyn11 (+30° displacement between HV and LV)
   By doing some unconventional connections externally on one side of the trsf, an internal connected Dyn11 transformer can be changed either to a Dyn7(+150°) or Dyn3(-90°) connection.

Transformer – Testing Distribution Tx’s –

1. Checking the HT side or delta circuit
   Check between Earth & phase (with typical readings)
   R to E = 2000 M ohms
   Y to E = 2000
   B to E = 2000
   
   Check between Phases (with typical readings)
   R to Y = 0 ohms
   Y to B = 0
   B to C = 0
2. Checking the LT side or the star circuit
   Check between Earth & phase (with typical readings)
   r to e = 2000 M ohms
   y to e = 2000
   b to e = 2000
   
   Check between Phases (with typical readings)
   r to y = 0 ohms
   y to b = 0
   b to c = 0
   Check between all Phases & Neutral = 0
3. HT & LT combined test
   Connect megger between phases of the HT & LT side as
   indicated below, where phases of the HT side are
   indicatedin upper case letters& the LT side in lower case letters
   
   R1 to r2 = 2000 M ohms
   R1 to y2 = 2000 M ohms
   R1 to b2 = 2000 M ohms
   R1 to N = 2000 M ohms
   
   Y1 to r2 = 2000 M ohms
   Y1 to y2 = 2000 M ohms
   Y1 to b2 = 2000 M ohms
   Y1 to N = 2000 M ohms
   
   B1 to r2 = 2000 M ohms
   B1 to y2 = 2000 M ohms
   B1 to b2 = 2000 M ohms
   B1 to N = 2000 M ohms

Units – International System Of Units (SI) -

Testing - Routine & Type Tests For Equipment –

Wiring Accessories